Computer Networking and Telecom Terminology To Know

• ARQ - Automatic Repeat Request. A general term for error control protocols featuring hardware detection and retransmission of defective data. This term is used primarily by US Robotics.
• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Exchange. A 7-bit binary code representation of letters, numbers and special characters. It is universally supported in computer data transfer.
• Asynchronous - Data transmission in which the actual data is preceded by a start bit and followed by a stop bit since the time between transmitted characters varies. Compare Synchronous.
• Auto Answer - The modem feature which enables detection of a ring and answering without assistance from a program.
• Baud Rate - The number of discrete signal events per second occurring on a communications channel. It is often referred to as Bits per second (BPS) which is technically inaccurate but widely accepted.
• BBS - see Bulletin Board System.
• Bit - Binary Digit. A single basic computer signal consisting of a value of 0 or 1, off or on.
• Buffer - A memory area used for temporary storage during input/output operations.
• Bulletin Board System - A host system, into which callers may dial with their modems or log onto through the Internet to read and send electronic mail, upload and download files, and chat online with other callers.
• Byte - A group of Bits acted upon as a group, which may have a readable ASCII value as a letter or number or some other coded meaning to the computer. It is commonly used to refer to 8-bit groups. 1 kilobyte = 1,024 bytes; 64K = 65,536 bytes or characters.
• Carrier - A continuous frequency capable of being either modulated or impressed with another information-carrying signal. Carriers are generated and maintained by modems via the transmission lines of the telephone companies.
• Conference - An area of public messages on a Bulletin Board System, usually with a particular topic and, often, a conference host or moderator to guide the discussion. Also called Newsgroup, Folder, SIG (for "Special Interest Group") or Echo.
• CCITT - A French acronym for the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee - now superceded by the ITU-T. This international organization defines the standards for telephone and telecommunications equipment.
• CPS - Characters Per Second. A transfer rate estimated from the bit rate and length of each character. If each character is 8 bits long and includes a start and stop bit for Asynchronous transmission, each character needs 10 bits to be sent. At 2400 baud it is transmitted at approximately 240 CPS.
• CRC - Cyclical Redundancy Check. An error-detection technique consisting of a cyclic algorithm performed on each "block" of data at the sending and receiving end of the transmission. As each block is received, the CRC value is checked against the CRC value sent along with the block. Many protocols including XMODEM- CRC and ARQ will request a resend until the block is received correctly.
• Download - Receiving a file from a Bulletin Board System, using a terminal program (for example QModem) and a transfer protocol (for example Zmodem).
• DTE - Data Terminal Equipment. The device that is the originator or destination of the data sent by a modem.
• DTR - Data Terminal Ready. A signal generated by most modems indicating a connection between the DTE (computer) and the modem. When DTR is "high" the computer is connected.
• Data Compression Protocols - Compression of data by the modem allows more information to be transferred in a shorter time frame. Protocols for data compression include CCITT V.42bis and MNP 5.
• Data Transmission Protocols - These are standards for modulation and transmission of data at various speeds. The standards are Bell 103 & V.21 for 300bps, Bell 212A & V.22 for 1200bps, V.22bis for 2400bps, V.32 for 9600bps, V.32bis for 14,400bps, V.34 for 28,800bps, V.34+ for 33,600bps, and V.90 for up to 56,000bps. Proprietary protocols are also used extensively for higher baud rates.
• Echomail - Public Message Conferences on a Bulletin Board System which are shared and distributed among other Bulletin Boards as part of an Echomail Network.
• Expanded Memory - Extra memory (above 640k) on an XT or AT-compatible computer, which is installed with an EMS driver, and may be required by some programs to store data.
• Extended Memory - Extra memory (above 640k) on an 80386 or above AT-compatible computer. Used extensively by advanced operating systems. Not normally usable by DOS applications, but may be configured as a virtual drive or a disk cache on an 80286 computer, or as Expanded Memory on an 80386 or above AT-compatible computer.
• Flow Control - A mechanism that compensates for differences in the flow of data to and output from a modem or computer. Either hardware or software can be used for this control to prevent data loss. Hardware flow control using the modem makes use of a buffer to store data to be sent and data received. Flow control is necessary if the Communications port is locked at a higher rate than the connection rate.
• Error Control Protocols - These are various modem-based techniques which check the reliability of characters or blocks of data at a hardware level. Examples include MNP 2-4, V.42
• Freeware - Computer software which may be distributed on Bulletin Board Systems, and for which the author requests no license fee or registration fee.
• Full Duplex - Signal flow in both directions at the same time. It is sometimes used to refer to the suppression of online LOCAL ECHO and allowing the remote system to provide a REMOTE ECHO.
• Half Duplex - Signal flow in both directions, but only one way at a time. It is sometimes used to refer to activation of LOCAL ECHO which causes a copy of sent data to be displayed on the sending display.
• Host System - Another name for a Bulletin Board System (BBS)
• Local Area Network (LAN) - A group of computers joined with cables and software, allowing hard disks and other devices to be shared among many users.
• Mail Door - A subsection of a Bulletin Board System which creates .QWK mail packets.
• MNP - Microcom Networking Protocol. A set of hardware error protection protocols (MNP levels 1 - 4) and data compression techniques (MNP level 5) developed by Microcom, now in the public domain. It makes use of CRC and retransmission of defective blocks by checking performed within the modem.
• Netmail - Private electronic mail which is transmitted by a user calling one Bulletin Board System to another user calling a different Bulletin Board System.
• NVRAM - Nonvolatile Random Access memory. A user-programmable memory chip whose data is retained when power to the chip is turned off. NRAM is used in many modems to store default settings.
• ON/OFF Hook - A descriptive term referring to manually lifting a telephone receiver (taking it OFF Hook) and replacing it (going ON Hook). OFF Hook produces a busy signal on the phone line.
• Packer - A program to compress multiple files into a single file, such as PKZIP, ARC or LHARC
• Packet - 1. A piece of information transmitted over a packet sending network such as the internet. 2.A mail packet (with a .QWK extension) from a host system
• Parity - An error detection method used in both communications and computer memory checking to determine character validity. Communications now makes use of more efficient "block" checking although parity must still be matched in a communication session for transfer to take place correctly. Host communication in the BBS environment omits parity checking (no parity).
• Protocol - A system of rules and procedures governing communications between two devices. File transfer protocols in your communications program refer to a set of rules governing how error checking will be performed on blocks of data.
• Public Domain - Computer software on which no copyright exists (usually by a specific statement to that effect by the author), and which may be freely used and distributed.
• Remote Echo - A copy of the data being received is returned to the sending system for display on the screen. See Full/Half duplex.
• Shareware - Computer software which is distributed on the "Honor System", which may be freely copied and distributed, but for which a registration fee or payment is required for continued use beyond an initial evaluation period.
• SysOp - The SYStem OPerator of a Bulletin Board System. The person responsible for setting up and maintaining the BBS.
• Thread - A group of BBS messages and replies linked and sorted by topic.
• Unpacker - A program to uncompress a file from a Packer
• Upload - To transfer a file from your computer to another computer, using your terminal program (for example Qmodem) and a transfer protocol (for example Zmodem)
• V.21 - CCITT standard for modem communications at 300bps. Modems made in the US follow the Bell 103 standard.
• V.22 - CCITT standard for modem communications at 1200bps, compatible with the Bell 212A standard used in the US and Canada.
• V.22 bis - CCITT standard for modem communications at 2400bps. It includes automatic fallback to 1200bps and compatibility with Bell 212A and V.22 modems.
• V.23 - CCITT standard for modem communications at 1200bps with a 75bps back channel. It is used in the United Kingdom.
• V.32 - CCITT standard for modem communications at 4800 and 9600bps. It includes automatic fallback to 4800 when line quality is poor.
• v.34 - CCITT standard for modem communications at 28,800bps
• v.34+ - ITU-T standard for modem communications at 33,600bps
• V.32 bis - CCITT standard for modem communications at 14,400bps with automatic fallback to 12,000, 9600, 7200 and 4800bps. As line quality improves communications speed can also be increased to the next higher rate.
• V.42 - CCITT standard for modem communications that defines negotiation for LAPM error control. V.42 also includes support for MNP error correction protocol levels 1 - 4.
• V.42 bis - CCITT extension of V.42 that adds data compression to the V.42 correction protocols.
• v.90 - ITU-T standard for modem communications at up to 56,000bps